Slice the cucumber. If using an English cucumber, halve it lengthwise and slice diagonally into thin half-moons. If using Persian cucumbers, slice them diagonally into thin slices. Aim for uniform thickness so they pickle evenly.
Prep onions & garlic. Thinly slice the white onion and green onion. Grate the half garlic clove on a microplane (this disperses garlic flavor without big chunks).
Mix the dressing. In a bowl, combine salt, gochugaru (or gochujang), rice vinegar, sesame oil, sugar, and garlic paste. Stir until the sugar and salt dissolve.
Toss and marinate. Add cucumbers and onions to the bowl and toss until everything looks glossy and well coated. Let them marinate for at least 10 minutes (I prefer 20–30 minutes) in the fridge to let the flavors meld.
Serve cold. Give a final toss, transfer to a serving plate, and enjoy.
Pro tip: Toss again right before serving to redistribute any marinade that has settled.